DependentHook

Ear Disease, Hematoma

2005-11-18T17:05:00.000-08:00

Injury to the outer ear can cause bleeding between the cartilage and the skin, producing a smooth, rounded, nontender purplish swelling called hematoma. The accumulation of clotted blood is removed by a surgeon because, if it is left, it will become transformed into scar tissue and cause a permanent, irregular thickening of the outer ear commonly called cauliflower

Kamba

2005-10-16T14:00:00.000-07:00

Though primarily agriculturists, the Kamba keep considerable numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats. Their main staple crops are millet, sorghum, and corn (maize). Overcrowding and soil erosion in the Machakos district have driven many to work in Nairobi. The Kamba have long been known

Amphibole Asbestos

2005-08-08T18:35:00.000-07:00

A variety of the silicate mineral actinolite (q.v.).

Baybars I

2005-07-27T16:40:00.000-07:00

Baybars was born

Accius, Lucius

2005-07-25T22:10:00.000-07:00

Accius also spelled Attius one of the greatest of the Roman tragic poets, in the view of his contemporaries. His plays (more than 40 titles are known, and about 700 lines survive) were mostly free translations from Greek tragedy, many from Euripides, with violent plots, flamboyant characterizations, and forceful rhetoric. His tragedies were performed until the end of the republic

Tereshkova, Valentina

2005-07-23T10:40:00.000-07:00

Although she had no pilot training, Tereshkova was an accomplished amateur parachutist

Lustreware

2005-07-08T08:05:00.000-07:00

Type of pottery ware decorated with metallic lustres by techniques dating at least from the 9th century. One technique of Middle Eastern origin, which produced the famous Hispano-Moresque pottery in Spain and Italian and Spanish majolica, involved a multistaged process that produced a kind of staining of the ware. In a second type of lustreware, which was cheaper

Raman Effect

2005-07-06T00:30:00.000-07:00

Change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules. The phenomenon is named for Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, who discovered it in 1928. When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam. Most of

Yang-chou

2005-06-30T14:20:00.000-07:00

In the 4th and 3rd centuries BC Yang-chou was a fief known as Kuang-ling in the state of Ch'u. After the Ch'in unification of the empire in 221 BC, it became the seat of a county. Under the Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220), it was the seat

Korean War, Back to the 38th parallel

2005-06-22T20:45:00.000-07:00

As UNC troops crossed the 38th parallel, Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong received a plea for direct military aid from Kim Il-sung. The chairman was willing to intervene, but he needed assurances of Soviet air power. Stalin promised to extend China's air defenses (manned by Soviets) to a corridor above the Yalu, thus protecting air bases in Manchuria and hydroelectric

Tolan, Eddie

2005-06-16T05:50:00.000-07:00

While attending high school in Detroit, Mich., Tolan was a city and state champion in the 100- and 200-yard dashes. At the University of Michigan, he attracted national attention in 1929 when he set a record in the 100-yard dash (9.5 seconds)

Jehovah

2005-06-03T14:40:00.000-07:00

Judeo-Christian name for God, derived from Yahweh (q.v.).

Iroko Wood

2005-06-01T09:15:00.000-07:00

Wood of the iroko tree (Chlorophora excelsa), native to the west coast of Africa. It is sometimes called African, or Nigerian, teak, but the iroko is unrelated to the teak family. The wood is tough, dense, and very durable. It is often used in cabinetmaking and paneling as a substitute for teak, which it resembles both in colour (light brown to deep golden-brown) and in grain.

Japan Railways Group

2005-05-16T05:55:00.000-07:00

The first railroad in Japan, built by British engineers, opened in 1872, between Tokyo and Yokohama. After some initial opposition to foreign influence, Japanese engineers began building railroads at a rapid rate, and

Yuman

2005-05-14T03:45:00.000-07:00

Two major divisions of Yuman people are recognized: the river Yumans, who lived along the lower Colorado and

Tuapse

2005-03-14T10:40:00.000-08:00

City and seaport of Krasnodar kray (region), southwestern Russia. It lies on a sheltered bay of the Black Sea. Founded in 1838 around a fortress established in 1828, it grew in the 20th century as a major ship-repairing, oil-refining, and oil-export centre. It is linked by pipeline to Grozny and the north Caucasian oil fields. Other industries include food processing and the manufacture

Roux, Wilhelm

2005-03-11T03:20:00.000-08:00

A student of German biologist Ernst Haeckel, Roux studied in Jena, Berlin, and Strasbourg. He was an assistant at the Institute of

Mexico, Gulf Of, Physiography and geology

2005-03-04T13:09:00.000-08:00

The Gulf of Mexico consists of several ecological and geologic provinces, chief of which are the coastal zone, the continental shelf, the continental slope, and the abyssal plain. The coastal zone consists of tidal marshes, sandy beaches, mangrove-covered areas, and many bays, estuaries, and lagoons. The continental shelf forms an almost continuous terrace around

Earth, The Earth's magnetic field

2005-03-03T07:08:00.000-08:00

Brief surveys are Sydney Chapman, The Earth's Magnetism, 2nd ed. rev. (1951, reprinted 1961); and J.A. Jacobs, The Earth's Core and Geomagnetism (1963), and Reversals of the Earth's Magnetic Field (1984). For more in-depth coverage, consult Sydney Chapman and Julius Bartels, Geomagnetism, vol. 1, Geomagnetic and Related Phenomena (1940, reprinted 1962); George D. Garland, Introduction to Geophysics: Mantle, Core and Crust, 2nd ed. (1979), an informative overview; S. Matsushita, �Solar Quiet and Lunar Daily Variation Fields,� ch. III-1 in S. Matsushita and Wallace H. Campbell, Physics of Geomagnetic Phenomena, vol. 1 (1967), pp. 301 - 424, an extensive treatment; Ronald T. Merrill and Michael W. McElhinny, The Earth's Magnetic Field: Its History, Origin, and Planetary Perspective (1983), an attempt to bridge the gap between dynamo theory and paleomagnetology; W.D. Parkinson, Introduction to Geomagnetism (1983), a logical, systematic, and highly readable treatment; and S.K. Runcorn, K.M. Creer, and J.A. Jacobs (eds.), The Earth's Core: Its Structure, Evolution, and Magnetic Field (1982), an excellent introduction to the modern literature on the topic. See also S.J. Peale, �Consequences of Tidal Evolution,� ch. 12 in Margaret G. Kivelson (ed.), The Solar System: Observations and Interpretations (1986), pp. 275 - 288; and K.A. Wienert, Notes on Geomagnetic Observatory and Survey Practice (1970), an explanation of the basic principles of geomagnetic survey techniques.

Ara�atuba

2005-03-02T14:10:00.000-08:00

City, western S�o Paulo estado (�state�), Brazil, near the Tiet� River, which is dammed for power and irrigation. The city was founded in 1908 and was given town rank in 1917. In 1921 it was separated administratively from Pen�polis (to the southeast) and was designated the seat of a municipality. It serves an agricultural area (cotton, coffee, rice, corn [maize], and feij�o [beans]). Ara�atuba processes

Roberts, Joseph Jenkins

2005-03-01T05:54:00.000-08:00

A native of Virginia, Roberts was the son of free �blacks� whose heritage was more than seven-eighths white. At the age of 20 he immigrated to Liberia with his mother and younger brothers, became a merchant, and also became an unofficial aide to the white governor of the colony, Thomas H.

Switzerland, War with France

2005-02-28T04:29:00.000-08:00

Following the Swabian conflict, Switzerland was drawn into the struggle between France, Austria, and Italy over control of the vital Po valley. The Swiss, of course, had more than a passing interest in this area, having extended their control into the southern Alpine valleys during the 15th century. They wanted to prevent either France or Austria from closing in on

Pien Canal

2005-02-27T02:21:00.000-08:00

Wade-Giles romanization �Pien Ho�, Pinyin �Bian He� canal running northwest-southeast through Honan, Anhwei, and Kiangsu provinces of China. In medieval times the name was given to several different canals that connected the Huang Ho (Yellow River), north of Cheng-chou in Honan, with the Huai River, and thus via the old-established Shan-yang Canal to the Yangtze River at Yang-chou, in Kiangsu. The terrain in the region is

Levitsky, Ivan

2005-02-25T11:03:00.000-08:00

Pseudonym of �Ivan Nechuy-levitsky, �also spelled �Nech�i-lev�tsky, or Necuj-levyc'kyj� Ukrainian Realist novelist of the postserfdom reform period. He drew upon his background as a seminary student and, later, a provincial teacher, to depict the educated and lower classes in some of the earliest social novels in Ukrainian literature. His works include Prichepa (1869; �The

Nagual

2005-02-24T23:11:00.000-08:00

The person who is

Valencia, Lake

2005-02-23T01:06:00.000-08:00

Spanish �Lago De Valencia, � lake in Carabobo and Aragua states, central Venezuela. Lying in a basin in the Cordillera de la Costa (Maritime Andes) of the central highlands at an elevation of 1,362 ft (415 m) above sea level, Lake Valencia measures approximately 18 mi (29 km) from east to west and 10 mi from north to south. Its total area of 141 sq mi (364 sq km) makes it the second largest natural lake of Venezuela, after Lake Maracaibo.

Biblical Literature, The canon at Qumran.

2005-02-22T05:25:00.000-08:00

In the collection of manuscripts from the Judaean Desert - discovered from the 1940s on - there are no lists of canonical works and no codices (manuscript volumes), only individual scrolls. For these reasons nothing can be known with certainty about the contents and sequence of the canon of the Qumran sectarians. Since fragments of all the books of the Hebrew Bible (except

Gottfried Von Strassburg

2005-02-21T13:32:00.000-08:00

The dates of his birth and death are unknown, and the only information about him consists of references to him in the work of other poets and inferences from his own work. The breadth of learning displayed in Tristan und Isolde reveals that

Kikuyu

2005-02-20T11:10:00.000-08:00

The Kikuyu moved into their modern territory from the northeast in the 17th - 19th

Amin, (muhammad) Al-

2005-02-19T07:25:00.000-08:00

As the son of Harun ar-Rashid, the fifth caliph, and Zubayda, a niece of al-Mansur, the second caliph, al-Amin took precedence in the succession over his elder half brother, al-Ma'mun, whose mother was a Persian slave. In 809, al-Amin succeeded to the caliphate, and al-Ma'mun was vested with the administration of the eastern Khorasan region. Relations

Gaucher's Disease

2005-02-18T10:17:00.000-08:00

Rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by anemia, mental and neurologic impairment, yellowish pigmentation of the skin, and bone deterioration resulting in pathological fractures. Gaucher's disease results when a defect in the body's synthesis of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase allows the lipid glucocerebroside to accumulate in the body's storage

Stanley Cup

2005-02-17T08:09:00.000-08:00

Trophy awarded to the winner of the world's professional ice hockey championship, an annual play-off that culminates the season of the National Hockey League. The Stanley Cup was first awarded in the 1893 - 94 season and is the oldest trophy that can be won by professional athletes in North America. The cup's donor was a governor-general of Canada, Frederick Arthur, Lord Stanley

Quadratus, Saint

2005-02-16T17:50:00.000-08:00

With only a fragment of his Apology for Christianity still extant, preserved in the Ecclesiastical History of the 4th-century scholar Eusebius of Caesarea, Quadratus has not been clearly identified. Addressed from Asia Minor to the Roman emperor Hadrian during a persecution either in 124 or 129, the

Haber-bosch Process

2005-02-15T14:48:00.000-08:00

Also called �Haber ammonia process, �or �synthetic ammonia process, � method of directly synthesizing ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen, developed by the German physical chemist Fritz Haber. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1918 for this method, which made the manufacture of ammonia economically feasible. The method was translated into a large-scale process using a catalyst and high-pressure methods by Carl Bosch, an industrial

Canaris, Wilhelm (franz)

2005-02-14T11:21:00.000-08:00

Having served in the navy during World War I, Canaris was a member of the military tribunal that sentenced the murderers of the German

Argentina, The Pampas

2005-02-13T06:12:00.000-08:00

Pampa is a Quechua Indian term meaning �flat surface.� As such it is widely used in southeastern South America from Uruguay, where grass-covered plains commence south of the Brazilian Highlands, to Argentina. In Argentina the Pampas broaden out west of the R�o de la Plata to meet the Andean forelands, blending imperceptibly to the north with the Chaco Austral and southern

Cranbrook, Gathorne Gathorne-hardy, 1st Earl Of, Viscount Cranbrook Of Hemsted, Baron Medway Of Hemsted Park

2005-02-12T06:06:00.000-08:00

Called to the bar in 1840, Hardy entered Parliament in 1856, earning a reputation as a skilled debater and a staunch Conservative. In 1858 - 59 he was under secretary in the Home Office. He entered the 14th Earl of Derby's

Hal�vy, �lie

2005-02-11T23:18:00.000-08:00

Hal�vy was particularly concerned with

Jaboticaba

2005-02-10T14:17:00.000-08:00

Also called �jaboticabeira� any of several trees of the genus Myrciaria, of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), notably M. cauliflora and M. jaboticaba, native to southeastern Brazil. The trees have been introduced to other warm regions, including western and southern North America. The name is also applied to the edible fruit of these trees. The trees do not differ greatly among the species; they are dome-shaped

France, History Of, Economic expansion

2005-02-09T04:25:00.000-08:00

The population, still overwhelmingly agrarian, was growing from about 900 AD, probably most rapidly in the north, where more flexible schemes of crop rotation led to better harvests. Some peasants retained their independence, as in the Massif Central and the Pyrenees, but they were not much envied; still, small free properties nowhere entirely disappeared. Most peasants,

Andrews, Frank M(axwell)

2005-02-08T01:21:00.000-08:00

Graduating from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., in 1906, Andrews was commissioned in the cavalry, serving in the Philippines

Farm Management

2005-02-07T04:27:00.000-08:00

Making and implementing of the decisions involved in organizing and operating a farm for maximum production and profit. Farm management draws on agricultural economics for information on prices, markets, agricultural policy, and economic institutions such as leasing and credit. It also draws on plant and animal sciences for information on soils, seed, and fertilizer,

Gulag

2005-02-06T14:13:00.000-08:00

Abbreviation �of Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey� (Russian: �Chief Administration of Corrective Labour Camps�), the system of Soviet labour camps and accompanying detention and transit camps and prisons that from the 1920s to the mid-1950s housed the political prisoners and criminals of the Soviet Union. At its height the Gulag imprisoned millions of people. The name Gulag had been largely unknown in the West until the publication

Hanafiyah

2005-02-05T13:08:00.000-08:00

Also called �Madhhab Hanifah�, English �Hanafites� in Islam, one of the four Sunni schools of religious law, incorporating the legal opinions of the ancient Iraqi schools of al-Kufah and Basra. Hanafi legal thought (madhhab) developed from the teachings of the theologian Imam Abu Hanifah (c. 700 - 767) by such disciples as Abu Yusuf (d. 798) and Muhammad ash-Shaybani (749/750 - 805) and became the official system of Islamic legal interpretation of the 'Abbasids, Seljuqs

Abraha

2005-02-04T17:31:00.000-08:00

Abraha was viceroy of the principality of Saba' in Yemen for the (Christian) emperors of Ethiopia. A zealous Christian himself, he is said to have built a great church at San'a' and to have repaired the principal irrigation dam at the Sabaean capital of Ma'rib. Abraha is chiefly famous, however, for the military

Annenberg, Walter Hubert

2005-02-03T08:17:00.000-08:00

American publisher and philanthropist (b. March 13, 1908, Milwaukee, Wis. - d. Oct. 1, 2002, Wynnewood, Pa.), used his wealth to promote conservative political causes and to support education and the arts. He was the son of an immigrant, Moses L. Annenberg, whose businesses included the Philadelphia Inquirer, horse racing publications, and wire betting services. The father, as well as his son

Selkirk

2005-02-02T18:50:00.000-08:00

Town, southeastern Manitoba, Canada. It lies just northeast of Winnipeg, on the Red River near its influx into Lake Winnipeg, at the head of deepwater navigation. It is the lake's chief port serving central and northern Manitoba and is thus a transshipping point for fish and lumber. The town is also a haven for pleasure boats. The site, settled in 1812, was named for Thomas Douglas,

Akwa Ibom

2005-02-01T06:05:00.000-08:00

The state's population consists

Kyoga Lake

2005-01-31T05:00:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Kioga Lake, � lake in central Uganda, East Africa, north of Lake Victoria, formed by the Victoria Nile in its middle course. The many-armed lake is shallow, with swampy, papyrus-reeded shores; masses of papyrus are broken loose by strong winds and sometimes have completely blocked the river. Navigation for shallow-draft vessels is possible between Namasagali and Masindi Port. The

Aging

2005-01-30T02:19:00.000-08:00

Aging has many facets. Hence there are a number of theories, each of which many explain one or more aspects of aging; there is, however, no single theory that explains all of the phenomena of aging.

Air Warfare, Ground attack

2005-01-29T21:16:00.000-08:00

The German Air Force, or Luftwaffe, was configured primarily to fly in support of ground forces, and, in the Spanish Civil War and the first years of World War II, the Ju-87 Stuka dive-bomber was its principal ground-attack craft. In a typical Stuka attack, several planes would circle above the target, then one plane after another would peel off to dive almost vertically before

France, History Of, The people

2005-01-28T17:35:00.000-08:00

Gaul was predominantly a Celtic land (see below), but it also contained pre-Celtic Ligurians and Iberians in the south and southwest and more recent Germanic immigrants in the northeast. Neighbouring Celtic communities on the Danube and in northern Italy, however, were not included. The south, in addition, had been heavily influenced by the Greek colony of Massilia

France, History Of, The people

2005-01-27T03:41:00.000-08:00

Strasbourg I, Ii, And Iii, Universities Of

2005-01-26T14:35:00.000-08:00

French �Universit�s De Strasbourg I, Ii, And Iii, � autonomous state-financed institutions of higher learning in Strasbourg, Fr., established in 1970 under France's 1968 Orientation Act, reforming higher education, as successors to the former University of Strasbourg. The original university was founded by Protestants in 1537 as a German gymnasium (secondary school for the study of the classics) when Strasbourg was under German

Dan Takuma

2005-01-25T05:12:00.000-08:00

Manager of the giant Mitsui zaibatsu, the greatest of the family-owned combines in pre-World War II Japan. A graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an important member of Japan's business elite, Dan was assassinated by right-wing nationalists who regarded him as a symbol of the evil power of high

Hohenstaufen Dynasty

2005-01-24T20:24:00.000-08:00

Also called �Staufer Dynasty, � German dynasty that ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 1138 to 1208 and from 1212 to 1254. The founder of the line was the count Frederick (died 1105), who built Staufen Castle in the Swabian Jura Mountains and was rewarded for his fidelity to Emperor Henry IV by being appointed duke of Swabia as Frederick I in 1079. He later married Henry's daughter Agnes. His two sons, Frederick II, duke of Swabia, and Conrad,

Diebitsch, Johann (karl Friedrich Anton), Graf

2005-01-23T00:00:00.000-08:00

Although he was of German parentage and was educated at the Berlin cadet school, Diebitsch joined the Russian Army in 1801, and, after fighting against Napoleon in the battles of Austerlitz, Eylau, Friedland,

Melba, Dame Nellie

2005-01-22T13:38:00.000-08:00

She sang at Richmond (Australia) Public Hall at the age of six and was a skilled pianist and organist, but she did not study singing until after her marriage to Charles Nesbitt Armstrong in 1882. She appeared in Sydney in 1885 and in London in 1886 and then studied in Paris. She made her

Amorphous Solid

2005-01-21T14:45:00.000-08:00

Solids and liquids are both forms of condensed matter; both are composed of atoms in close proximity to each other. But their properties are, of course, enormously different. While a solid material has both a well-defined

Istihsan

2005-01-19T19:50:00.000-08:00

(Arabic: �to approve,� or �to sanction�), among Muslim theologians, the use of one's own judgment to determine the best solution to a religious problem that cannot be solved by citing sacred texts. This approach to religious problems found special application as Islam spread to new lands and encountered new environments. Proponents of istihsan believe Muhammad sanctioned

Hwicce

2005-01-18T01:29:00.000-08:00

The inhabitants of one of the subkingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England that coincided with the medieval diocese of Worcester, a territory that then encompassed present Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, and southwest Warwickshire. The southern part had been wrested from the Britons by the West Saxons sometime after 577, and the northern part was probably settled by Anglian

Nahuel Huap�, Lake

2005-01-17T05:36:00.000-08:00

Largest lake (210 sq mi [544 sq km]) and most popular resort area in Argentina's lake district, lying in the wooded eastern foothills of the Andes at an altitude of 2,516 ft (767 m). Nahuel Huap� (Araucanian Indian for �island of the jaguars�) was discovered in 1670 by the Jesuit priest Nicol�s Mascardi, who built a chapel on the lake's Huemul Peninsula and established an Indian reducci�n (work mission).

Quantum Computer

2005-01-16T04:36:00.000-08:00

As early as 1959 the American physicist and Nobel laureate Richard Feynman noted that, as electronic components begin to reach microscopic scales, effects predicted by quantum mechanics occur - which, he suggested, might be exploited in the design of more powerful computers. In

Jean Le Bel

2005-01-15T02:37:00.000-08:00

A soldier and the constant companion of Jean, Count de Beaumont, with whom he went to England and Scotland in 1327, Le Bel wrote his Vrayes Chroniques (�True Chronicles�), recounting the events of the reign of Edward III,

Computers, Ubiquitous computing

2005-01-14T19:40:00.000-08:00

The Internet also has inspired new ways of programming. Programmers are developing software to divide computational tasks into subtasks that a program would assign to separate processors in order to achieve greater efficiency and speed. This trend is one of various ways that computers are being connected to share information and to solve complex problems.

Botswana

2005-01-13T22:54:00.000-08:00

Officially �Republic of Botswana, �formerly �Bechuanaland, � country in the centre of southern Africa. It has an area of 224,607 square miles (581,730 square kilometres). The territory is roughly square - approximately 600 miles from north to south and 600 miles from east to west - with its eastern side protruding into a sharp point. Its eastern and southern borders are marked by river courses and an old wagon road; its western borders are lines of longitude

Botswana

2005-01-12T16:04:00.000-08:00

Aztec Ruins National Monument

2005-01-11T21:14:00.000-08:00

Archaeological site in northwestern New Mexico, U.S., on the Animas River, just north of the city of Aztec. The national monument was established in 1923 and has an area of 0.5 square mile (1.3 square km). The site, mistakenly called Aztec by early white settlers, actually contains the excavated ruins of a 12th-century Pueblo Indian town built of masonry and timber. Many Indian artifacts

Rea Express, Inc.

2005-01-10T22:13:00.000-08:00

American Railway Express Company was established by the U.S. government in 1918, during World War I, at the same time that the government took over the nation's railroads. The domestic express businesses and property

Lowell, Percival

2005-01-09T23:19:00.000-08:00

A member of the distinguished Lowell family of Massachusetts (he was brother to A. Lawrence Lowell and Amy Lowell), he devoted himself (1883 - 93) to literature and travel, much of the time in the Far East, which he described

Hokuriku

2005-01-08T11:58:00.000-08:00

Industrial region, west-central Honshu, Japan, lying along the Sea of Japan. It is neither an administrative nor a political entity. The northeastern portion of the area, occupying parts of Niigata and Toyama ken (prefectures), specializes in heavy and chemical industries and has close economic ties with the Keihin (Tokyo-Yokohama) Industrial Zone. The southwestern

Dysentery

2005-01-07T06:06:00.000-08:00

There are two major types of dysentery: bacillary and amebic, caused, respectively, by bacteria and amoebas. Bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis, is caused by bacilli of the genus Shigella. Symptomatically,

Ghazan, Mahmud

2005-01-06T03:40:00.000-08:00

Most prominent of the Il-Khans (subordinate khans) to rule the Mongol dynasty in Iran. Reigning from 1295 to 1304, he is best known for the conversion of his state to Islam and his wars against Egypt.

Gainza Paz, Alberto

2005-01-05T04:00:00.000-08:00

Gainza Paz received a law degree from the National University at Buenos Aires in 1921 and joined the staff of La Prensa under the direction of his uncle, Ezequiel P. Paz, whom he succeeded

Theobald

2005-01-04T23:35:00.000-08:00

Theobald entered the abbey of Bec in Normandy, became prior (c. 1127), was elected abbot in 1136, and was chosen archbishop of Canterbury in 1138. From 1139 to 1143 he was overshadowed by Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester, who had secured the office of papal legate

Degenerate Gas

2005-01-03T17:08:00.000-08:00

In physics, a particular configuration, usually reached at high densities, of a gas composed of subatomic particles with half-integral intrinsic angular momentum (spin). Such particles are called fermions, because their microscopic behaviour is regulated by a set of quantum mechanical rules - Fermi-Dirac statistics (q.v.). These rules state, in particular, that there

Claesz, Pieter

2005-01-02T00:03:00.000-08:00

Also called �Pieter Claesz Van Haarlem � Dutch painter who achieved a striking simplicity and atmospheric quality in still-life representations. Avoiding the crowded compositions and strong local colouring of the Mannerist tradition, he concentrated on the monochrome �breakfast piece,� the depiction of a simple meal

Egypt, Ancient, Amenhotep II

2005-01-01T18:35:00.000-08:00

About two years before his death Thutmose III appointed his 18-year-old son, Amenhotep II (ruled c. 1426 - 1400 BC), as co-regent. Just prior to his father's death, Amenhotep II set out on a campaign to an area near Kadesh, in Syria, whose city-states were now caught up in the power struggle between Egypt and Mitanni; Amenhotep II killed seven princes and shipped their bodies back to Egypt to be

Oratorio

2004-12-30T06:42:00.000-08:00

A large-scale musical composition on a sacred or semisacred subject, for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra. An oratorio's text is usually based on scripture, and the narration necessary to move from scene to scene is supplied by recitatives sung by various voices to prepare the way for airs and choruses. A basically dramatic method is used in all successful oratorios,

Theobald Iv

2004-12-29T18:53:00.000-08:00

Also called �Theobald The Great, �French �Thibaud Le Grand� count of Blois and of Chartres (from 1102) and count of Champagne (from 1125) as Theobald II. He was the grandson of Theobald III of Blois. Theobald IV reunited Champagne with Blois and thus again made his house a threat to the royal domains of France from both east and west. He became in effect the second person of France, alternatively the ally and the enemy

Judaism, Prophecy in the southern kingdom

2004-12-28T13:16:00.000-08:00

Judah was subjected to such intense pressure to join an Israelite - Aramaean coalition against Assyria that its 8th-century-BCE king Ahaz chose to submit himself to Assyria in return for relief. Ahaz introduced a new Aramaean-style altar in the Jerusalem Temple and adopted other foreign customs that are counted against him in the book of Kings. It was at this time that

Rammed Earth

2004-12-27T02:38:00.000-08:00

Building material made by compacting certain soils, used by many civilizations. The most durable of the earth-building forms, rammed earth may be used for making building blocks or for constructing whole walls in place, layer by layer. In making building blocks, the soil is rammed into a box-shaped mold. In building up whole walls, two wooden planks separated by a spacer

Binnya Dala

2004-12-26T00:45:00.000-08:00

In 1747 Binnya Dala succeeded Smim Htaw Buddhaketi, who had seven years earlier been set up as king of the Mon in the new capital of Pegu after their successful revolt against the Burmans. Binnya Dala, who was his predecessor's chief minister

China, Provincial separatism

2004-12-24T19:40:00.000-08:00

The post-rebellion settlement not only pardoned several of the most powerful rebel generals but also appointed them as Imperial governors in command of the areas they had surrendered. Hopeh was divided into four new provinces, each under surrendered rebels, while Shantung became the province of An Lu-shan's former garrison army from P'ing-lu in Manchuria, which

Bothriolepis

2004-12-23T02:07:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Bothryolepis, � genus of extinct fishes of the order Antiarcha, class Placodermi, characteristic of the Middle and Late Devonian (from about 387 million to 360 million years ago). The front end of Bothriolepis was very heavily encased in bony armour. The eyes were located on top of the head shield and situated very close to the light-receptive pineal eye. The shield was separated into two parts,

Face

2004-12-22T09:41:00.000-08:00

During the course of evolution from the prehuman Australopithecus to modern humans (Homo sapiens), the face became smaller in relation to the overall size of the head.

Clock

2004-12-21T22:33:00.000-08:00

The origin of the all-mechanical escapement clock is unknown; the first such devices may have been invented and used in monasteries to alert the sacristan

Epicentre

2004-12-20T08:58:00.000-08:00

Point on the surface of the Earth that is directly above the source of an earthquake (called the focus). There the effects of the earthquake usually are most severe. The epicentre can be located by constructing arcs from each of three or more seismic observatories, with the arcs' radii equal to the distance from each station to the focus of the earthquake. The point of

Eyre Peninsula

2004-12-19T08:28:00.000-08:00

Large promontory of South Australia, projecting into the Indian Ocean. A broad-based triangular formation about 200 miles (320 km) on each side, it extends from a base along the Gawler Ranges and lies between the Great Australian Bight to the west and Spencer Gulf to the east. Generally sandy and rocky, it rises from an irregular coastline to a maximum elevation of 1,550 feet (472 m) at Nukey

Hevesy, Georg Charles Von

2004-12-18T11:23:00.000-08:00

Educated at the Technische

Saudi Arabia, The armed forces

2004-12-17T16:57:00.000-08:00

Military service is voluntary. The army accounts for about three-fifths of the total military force. It experienced rapid modernization especially after the Arab-Israeli War of 1967. Army officers are trained at King 'Abd al-'Aziz Military Academy just north of Riyadh. The air force was equipped largely by the British until the 1970s, when the kingdom began to buy aircraft from

Furniture, Commercial modern

2004-12-16T09:48:00.000-08:00

Most modern furniture designed between 1930 and 1940 was bulky, bulbous, glowingly coloured, glossily finished, and rich with hardware or shiny fabric. It pleased the public but not critics and connoisseurs. Gradually, and more noticeably after 1945, stylistic details filtered down from more progressive design levels to appear as commercial fads, such as sectional seating and

Gauge

2004-12-15T20:26:00.000-08:00

A measure of the bore of a shotgun. See bore.

Park, Maud Wood

2004-12-14T19:16:00.000-08:00

Park attended St. Agnes School in Albany, New York, and after graduating in 1887 she taught school for eight years. She then attended Radcliffe College,

Yamanashi

2004-12-13T21:56:00.000-08:00

Yamanashi

Antarctica, Physical geography

2004-12-12T18:20:00.000-08:00

W.N. Bonner and D.W.H. Walton (eds.), Antarctica (1985); and R.M. Laws (ed.), Antarctic Ecology, 2 vol. (1984), discusses the continent's physical environment, fauna, flora, land and sea ecology, conservation, and exploitation. I.B. Campbell and G.G.C. Claridge, Antarctica: Soils, Weathering Processes, and Environment (1987), provides a summary of recent research.

Russell (of Killowen), Charles Russell, Baron

2004-12-11T23:18:00.000-08:00

Russell practiced law in Ireland from 1854 and in England (usually at Liverpool) from 1859. In 1872 he was appointed a queen's counsel. A Liberal Party member of the House of Commons

Gulper

2004-12-10T22:15:00.000-08:00

Any of nine species of deep-sea fish constituting three families, placed by some authorities in the order Anguilliformes (eels) and by others in a distinct order, Saccopharyngiformes (or Lyomeri). Gulpers range to depths of 2,700 m (9,000 feet) or more. The members of one family, Monognathidae, have mouths of normal proportions, but the other gulpers (Eurypharyngidae and Saccopharyngidae)

Wilkes, Charles

2004-12-09T18:31:00.000-08:00

Wilkes entered the navy as a midshipman in 1818, became a lieutenant in 1826, and in 1830 was placed in charge of the depot of instruments and charts from which the Naval Observatory and Hydrographic Office developed. From 1838 to 1842 he commanded an exploring and surveying expedition

Fust, Johann

2004-12-08T18:14:00.000-08:00

Fust, a prominent goldsmith, lent Gutenberg 800 guilders in 1450 to perfect his movable-type printing process. An additional 800 guilders was lent about two years